1
Delivered at the Fordham Cervantes Conference, Fordham University, December 7, 1977. (N. from the A.)
2
Walter L. Reed, An Exemplary History of the Novel. The Quixotic versus the Picaresque (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. 71. (N. from the A.)
3
The basic discussions: Norman Friedman, «Point of View in Fiction: The Development of a Critical Concept» PMLA 70 (1955), 1160-84; Wayne C. Booth, The Rhetoric of Fiction (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), ch. 7; «Distance and Point of View», Essays in Criticism, 11 (1961); Robert Scholes and Robert Kellogg, The Nature of Narrative (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966). For the question of narrative perspective as it concerns the picaresque, see Francisco Rico, La novela picaresca y el punto de vista (Barcelona: Seix Barral, 1970); Alfonso Rey, «La picaresca y el narrador fidedigno», HR, 47 (1979), 55- 75. 4 This debate is studied at length by E. C. Riley, Cervantes's Theory of the Novel (Oxford: Clarendon, 1962); also fundamental is William Nelson, Fact or Fiction. The Dilemma of the Renaissance Storyteller (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1973). (N. from the A.)
4
This debate is studied at length by E. C. Riley, Cervantes's Theory of the Novel (Oxford: Clarendon, 1962); also fundamental is William Nelson, Fact or Fiction. The Dilemma of the Renaissance Storyteller (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1973). (N. from the A.)
5
Carlos Blanco Aguinaga, «Cervantes y la picaresca. Notas sobre dos tipos de realismo», NRFH 11 (1957), 314-42. 6 (N. from the A.)
6
As a sample, Alberto del Monte, Itinerario de la novela picaresca española (Barcelona: Lumen, 1971), pp. 61-64; Maurice Molho, Introducción al pensamiento picaresco (Salamanca: Anaya, 1972) pp. 124-128; Gustavo Alfaro, «Cervantes y la novela picaresca» in Estructura de la novela picaresca (Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo, 1977), originally publ. in ACerv, 10 (1971), 23-31; Harry Sieber, The Picaresque. The Critical Idiom, 33 (London: Methuen, 1977), pp. 25-26; Alison Weber, «La ilustre fregona and the Barriers of Caste», Papers on Lang. & Lit., 15 (1979), 73-81. (N. from the A.)
7
Claudio Guillén, Literature as System: Essays Toward the Theory of Literary History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971). (N. from the A.)
8
Fernando Lázaro Carreter, «Para una revisión del concepto 'Novela picaresca' in «Lazarillo de Tormes» en la picaresca (Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona: Ariel, 1972) pp. 193-229. (N. from the A.)
9
Fernando Lázaro Carreter, «Para una revisión del concepto 'Novela picaresca' in «Lazarillo de Tormes» en la picaresca (Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona: Ariel, 1972) pp. 193-229. (N. from the A.)
10
A thorough deconstruction of Carlos Blanco's essay would note his ideological position, and his evident projection of the «two Spains» upon Alemán («closed», «dogmatic») and Cervantes («open», «free»), so that the «quarrel» between them may, be read as a kind of historical allegory. It would not be difficult to find other commentators during the Franco era who by implication clothe Alemán in the uniform of «authoritarian Spain», but reserve the greater triumph for Cervantes. I think it is fair to observe, without disparaging anyone, that political exile creates cultural dramas with their protagonists and antagonists, which impose their structure on the historical imagination. (N. from the A.)