The shift in affective focus is a topic which merits further study, for it constitutes a repeated experiment in Cervantes' fiction. The responses to a number of his characters cannot be circumscribed by the affective boundaries initially traced for them -Don Quijote serves as a prime example. In «El curioso impertinente» the affective shift, which involves all three main characters, coincides with a clear-cut structural break. The reading of the story within the novel Don Quijote is interrupted midway, at the point where a comic cuckold's tale would have ended -that is, with the successful deception of the foolish husband. The story is resumed later to reveal a tragic denouement. (N. from the A.)

My formulation of comic and tragic reparation has been influenced by the theories of Melanie Klein, who described the early stages of psychological development. According to Klein, the desire to make reparation constitutes an important phase of ego growth, which comes about with the first experiences of guilt. Guilt arises when the young child recognizes the hostile element in his ambivalent feelings toward his loved ones. When the feelings of guilt are too painful to bear, an attempt is made to repair the harmed person without acknowledgement of guilt -this is manic reparation. See Klein's Love, Guilt and Reparation and Other Works 1921-1945, International Psycho-Analytical Library, No. 103 (London: Hogarth, 1975) and Hanna Segal's Introduction to the Work of Melanie Klein, enlarged ed., International Psycho-Analytical Library, No. 91 (London: Hogarth, 1973), especially pp. 92- 102. (N. from the A.)

Francisco Ayala writes, «A su protagonista [Carrizales] se lo ha calificado de anti-héroe, no sé si con entera razón; yo diría más bien que es un héroe moderno, héroe del fracaso...» (Cervantes y Quevedo [Barcelona: Seix Barral, 1974], p. 133). I believe Ayala is saying that Carrizales is a character with whom we are led to identify, in spite of his failures and defects. (N. from the A.)

All references to El celoso extremeño are from the edition of Harry Sieber, Novelas ejemplares (Madrid: Cátedra, 1980), vol. II. (N. from the A.)

Peter Dunn comments on the sociological aspect of Carrizales' rejection of his parents: «El hidalgo nacido de padres nobles se despoja de todas las señales concretas de su noble herencia, y se rehace en la imagen de un indiano, vale decir, de un empresario burgués» («Las Novelas ejemplares», in Suma cervantina, ed. J. B. Avalle-Arce and E. C. Riley [London: Támesis, 1973], p. 99). Dunn goes on to remark that unlike the original Prodigal Son, Carrizales returns home only when his own family is dead (p. 99). Américo Castro observes that the 1606 Porras de la Cámara manuscript version reads, «Viéndose, pues libre de padres, y falto de dinero...» whereas the printed version of 1613 omits «libre de padres». Castro surmises, «¿Cómo iba a decirse en una obra 'ejemplar' que el morirse los padres significaba una liberación?» («'El celoso extremeño' de Cervantes», in Hacia Cervantes, 3rd ed. [Madrid: Taurus, 1967], p. 425). The point is that Carrizales' sojourn in the New World arises from psychological as well as economic necessity. (N. from the A.)

The expression «dando a Dios lo que podía» conveys Carrizales' lukewarm response to his eleemosynary obligations. Also, the fact that he is expressly reluctant to return to his native region suggests that its poor are parental surrogates. There is a triple rejection -padres, patrimonio, and patria. (N. from the A.)

«A Contribution to the Psychology of Jealousy», in Collected Papers of Otto Fenichel (New York: Norton, 1953), I, 350. For Freud's and Jones's formulations, see «Some Neurotic Mechanisms in Jealousy, Paranoia and Homosexuality (1922)», in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey et al. (London: Hogarth, 1955), XVIII, 221-32, and Ernest Jones, «Jealousy», in Papers on Psycho-Analysis, 5th ed. (1948; rpt. Boston: Beacon, 1967), pp. 325-40. (N. from the A.)

For Riviere's seminal article, see «Jealousy as a Mechanism of Defence», International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 13 (1932), 414-24. For Klein's theories on jealousy and envy see «Envy and Gratitude (1957)» in Envy and Gratitude and Other Works 1946-63, International Psycho-Analytical Library No. 104 (London: Hogarth, 1975), pp. 176-235. (N. from the A.)

As described by Hanna Segal: «... manic reparation is never done in relation to primary objects or internal objects, but always, in relation to more remote objects; secondly, the object in relation to which reparation is done must never be experienced as having been damaged by oneself; thirdly, the object must be felt as inferior, dependent and, at depth, contemptible» (pp. 95- 96). (N. from the A.)

Girard, Mensonge romantique et verité romanesque (Paris: Grasset, 1961); Bandera, Mimesis conflictiva y violencia en Cervantes y Calderón (Madrid: Gredos, 1975); and Combet, Cervantès. (N. from the A.)