131
For further information on this topic, see Alfred Rodriguez and Karl Roland Rowe, «Cervantes' Redundant Midsummer in Part II of the Quijote», Cervantes, 5.2 (1985), 163-67. (N. from the E.)
132
In his edition of the Quijote (Madrid: Castalia, 1978) II, 506, note 3, L. A. Murillo cites Frazer's studies relative to Midsummer rituals in conjunction with Cervantes' explicit presentation of Saint John the Baptist's day in Chapter 61. Also see his The Golden Dial (Oxford: Dolphin Book Co., 1975), Ch. 4., «The Summer of Myth». (N. from the A.)
133
J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1935), X, 328-46. All references to Frazer are to this edition. (N. from the A.)
134
M. de Cervantes,Don Quijote de la Mancha, ed. by M. de Riquer (Barcelona: Juventud, 1974), II, 793. Curiously enough, we hit upon this heretofore unnoticed Cervantine intention while teaching the Quijote in English, where J. M. Cohen accommodatingly translates Cervantes' passage by 'Midsummer.' Cervantes himself was not accommodating to the reader, for he purposely offers a confusing chronology. Shortly after the episode studied, Chapter thirty-six, a ducal letter is dated July 20, and shortly thereafter, in Chapter forty-seven, another is dated August 16. Finally, he goes back (II, 60-61) to St. John the Baptist's day, June 24, for the protagonist's arrival in Barcelona. But any reliance on this chronological data -or any chronology at all- for rejecting our dating of the episode in question is in large part defeated by L. A. Murillo's brilliant analysis of chronology in the Quijote. See, specifically, Murillo, Golden Dial, pp. 62-66. (N. from the A.)
135
The inclusion of North African Midsummer practices is warranted, and even perhaps pertinent (note the Moorish cries included later among the noise-making endeavors), because of Cervantes' long North African captivity. (N. from the A.)
136
It is the only element stressed, but heavily stressed, in the urban Midsummer festivities offered in Barcelona. (N. from the A.)
137
Frazer, X, 160-61. (N. from the A.)
138
See, for example, J. J. López Ibor, ¿Cómo se fabrica una bruja? (Barcelona: DOPESA, 1976), pp. 106-110; J. Michelet, Satanism and Witchcraft, trans, A. R. Allison (New York: The Citadel Press, 1969), p. 123. (N. from the A.)
139
E. Westermarck, Ritual and Belief in Morocco (London: MacMillan and Co. Ltd., 1926), II, 182-206; and Frazer, X, 213-19. (N. from the A.)
140
In any event, the sprinkling of water on the face and eyes continues to this day to be practiced on the eve of St. John the Baptist's day throughout rural Spain. (N. from the A.)