31
Antonio Cornejo Polar, «Indios, "notables", y forasteros», Cahiers d'Études Romanes, 9 (1984), 7-27 (p. 8); also published as the prologue to his edition Aves sin nido (Havana: Casa de las Américas, 1974).
32
Aves sin nido, 236.
33
Aves sin nido, 247. The Peruvian railways were built by US citizen Henry Meiggs (see Brushwood, Genteel Barbarism, 146).
34
Efraín Kristal, The Andes Viewed from the City. Literary and Political Discourse on the Indian in Peru, 1848-1930 (New York: Peter Lang, 1987), 147. Matto was married to an English doctor, Joseph Turner, and her family had close connections with General William Miller who played a major part in liberating Spanish America, especially in Chile and Peru with San Martín. In 1851 Miller was given the title of Grand Marshal of Ayacucho and was head of the army in Peru 1851-1861, where he died. Matto's paternal grandmother was a close friend of Miller. See Matto's «Moscas y moscardones», in her Tradiciones cuzqueñas completas [1884, 1886], ed. Estuardo Núñez (Lima: Peisa, 1976) 182-86. Matto explains this relationship despite the Royalist sentiments of her mother's family; Miller's great friend in Cuzco, the patriot Ángela Miranda y Astete de Matto, was Clorinda's paternal grandmother. Ángela's eldest son was married to Tadeo Gárate's granddaughter: these were Clorinda's parents (Tradiciones cuzqueñas completas, 182-83, 186). The Don Joaquín Tadeo Gárate, former Royalist governor of Puno, referred to at length in Miller's memoirs (in hardly favourable terms) was Matto's maternal great-grandfather. Miller mentions Gárate's «most amiable wife and a very charming daughter», that is, Clorinda's grandmother, Manuela Gárate. Clorinda was raised by her maternal grandmother. See John Miller, Memoirs of General Miller, 2nd ed., 2 vols (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1829), II, 437-41 (p. 439).
35
Aves sin nido, 246.
36
For further development of this point, see my «Spanish-American Interiors: Spatial Metaphors, Gender and Modernity», Romance Studies, 22:1 (2004), 27-39.
37
José Mármol, Amalia, ed. Teodosio Fernández Rodríguez (Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1984), 284.
38
El médico de San Luis (Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria, 1962), 8. The novel was originally signed with the pseudonym «Daniel», the name of Eduarda's son.
39
Robert H. Hopkins, The True Genius of Oliver Goldsmith (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1969), 234.
40
Although the tone of the novel is not satirical it could be argued that it is deeply ironic in that justice is achieved by the murder of the representative of justice (the Judge) who is killed by an honourable gaucho, in an act of barbarism which makes civilization possible. The gentlemanly Englishman, who takes a «gringo» hands-off approach to politics, is saved by gaucho «barbarism» as much as by English diplomacy. It is also ironic that the Doctor lavishly praises his wife but does so on account of her sentimentality, docility and limited intelligence bordering on stupidity. His tone towards her is tremendously patronizing: «María está muy lejos de tener una inteligencia privilegiada: puede más bien asegurarse que es tardía de comprensión y pobre de imaginación»
(17). I will study these paradoxes on another occasion.